铜价居高不(bu)下(xia)，电缆生(sheng)(sheng)产企业(ye)利(li)润率急(ji)剧下(xia)滑。在这样的(de)情况下(xia)，为(wei)(wei)减少(shao)成(cheng)本，行(xing)业(ye)提(ti)出了“以铝节(jie)”甚至是“以铝代铜”的(de)观点。但是对(dui)于“以铝节(jie)铜”是否行(xing)得通却(que)是各有(you)说法。在当前经营环境日趋复杂和(he)环境压力不(bu)断增加的(de)背(bei)景下(xia)，电力电缆的(de)全生(sheng)(sheng)命周期过(guo)程中的(de)环境影响(xiang)到(dao)底(di)有(you)多大成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)各方关(guan)注的(de)一个(ge)焦点。

　　生(sheng)命(ming)周期评(ping)价(LCA)首先(xian)辨(bian)识和(he)量化(hua)整个(ge)生(sheng)命(ming)周期阶(jie)段(duan)中能量和(he)物质的(de)(de)消耗以及环(huan)(huan)境(jing)释放，然后评(ping)价这些消耗和(he)释放对(dui)环(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)影(ying)响，最后辨(bian)识和(he)评(ping)价减少这些影(ying)响的(de)(de)机会。LCA区别于其(qi)它(ta)传统评(ping)价方法(fa)有两(liang)个(ge)显(xian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)特点(dian)(dian)。首先(xian)，它(ta)具(ju)有全程(cheng)性(xing)的(de)(de)特点(dian)(dian)，亦(yi)即对(dui)所研究系统在整个(ge)生(sheng)命(ming)周期内所造(zao)成的(de)(de)环(huan)(huan)境(jing)负荷或影(ying)响进行评(ping)价。其(qi)次，它(ta)具(ju)有综合性(xing)的(de)(de)特点(dian)(dian)，不仅考(kao)虑(lv)废物对(dui)环(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)影(ying)响,而且考(kao)虑(lv)因资源(yuan)和(he)能源(yuan)的(de)(de)消耗而对(dui)环(huan)(huan)境(jing)造(zao)成的(de)(de)综合影(ying)响。

　　我们要(yao)对(dui)铜(tong)(tong)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)和(he)铝(lv)合金(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)命(ming)周(zhou)期环(huan)境(jing)(jing)影响进行对(dui)比的话，首(shou)先就要(yao)建立基础性的对(dui)比条(tiao)件，即相同的载流(liu)量(liang)、系(xi)统(tong)边界、功能(neng)单位、环(huan)境(jing)(jing)影响类型、评价工具以及所采集的数据(ju)来(lai)自生(sheng)产技术水平和(he)规模相当的铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)和(he)铝(lv)合金(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)产企业。在此前(qian)提下，选定原材(cai)料获取、产品制造、产品使用(yong)、运输和(he)废弃处置等(deng)5个阶(jie)段(duan)作(zuo)为(wei)两种(zhong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)的系(xi)统(tong)边界，并根(gen)据(ju)国家标准GB50217工程(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)设计规范选取YJHLV82-4×185(交联(lian)聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)绝(jue)缘聚(ju)(ju)氯护(hu)套(tao)铝(lv)合金(jin)带连(lian)锁铠(kai)装铝(lv)合金(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan))和(he)YJV224×120(交联(lian)绝(jue)缘钢带铠(kai)装护(hu)套(tao)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan))作(zuo)为(wei)对(dui)比的产品。功能(neng)单位为(wei)1KM电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)。环(huan)境(jing)(jing)影响类型主要(yao)包括全球变暖潜势(shi)、酸化(hua)(hua)潜势(shi)、富营养化(hua)(hua)潜势(shi)和(he)能(neng)源消耗(hao)等(deng)4种(zhong)主要(yao)环(huan)境(jing)(jing)影响类型，分别采用(yong)CML2001和(he)EI99的评价指标体(ti)系(xi)。

　　通过评价分析，可以发现(xian)以下五(wu)点。一、全球变暖(nuan)环境影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)类(lei)型。铝(lv)合金电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)制造、使用阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)温室(shi)气体排(pai)放高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)(zai)运输和再生阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)获(huo)取阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)与(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)接近，略(lve)(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。二、酸化(hua)(hua)环境影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)合金电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)制造、使用阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)排(pai)放高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)(zai)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)获(huo)取、运输和再生阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)略(lve)(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。三、富营养(yang)化(hua)(hua)潜(qian)能环境影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)合金电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)制造、使用阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)排(pai)放高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)(zai)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)获(huo)取、运输和再生阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)略(lve)(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。四、能源消耗(hao)环境影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)合金电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)获(huo)取、制造和使用阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)能源消耗(hao)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)(zai)运输和再生阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)略(lve)(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。五(wu)、总(zong)体环境影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铜(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)优于(yu)(yu)铝(lv)合金电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

　　电力(li)电缆(lan)产品生(sheng)命周期环境影响主(zhu)要贡献(xian)来自(zi)于电缆(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)阶段，占各(ge)项环境影响贡献(xian)率的(de)(de)(de)98%以上(shang)(shang)，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)阶段计算的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)年限为30年，产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)电力(li)损耗相对巨大，同时与电缆(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)情(qing)景有直接的(de)(de)(de)关系，不同的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)情(qing)景和(he)不同的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)年限将在很大程度上(shang)(shang)影响计算结(jie)果(guo)。其次来自(zi)产品的(de)(de)(de)原材料获取(qu)阶段，占比约为1%，贡献(xian)最小的(de)(de)(de)为产品的(de)(de)(de)运(yun)输(shu)阶段，占比不足(zu)万(wan)分之(zhi)一。

　　通过这一结果可发现，减少输电(dian)(dian)过程(cheng)中电(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)损(sun)耗是降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)电(dian)(dian)缆生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命周期环(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)响的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要、最有效和切实可行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要手段(duan)。功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)数(shu)是供(gong)电(dian)(dian)系(xi)统一项重要技术经济指标，用(yong)(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)在(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)耗有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同时，还需要大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)由电(dian)(dian)源送往负荷，功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)数(shu)反映的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是电(dian)(dian)气设(she)备(bei)在(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)耗一定有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同时所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，用(yong)(yong)户(hu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)数(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)(di)，对于(yu)电(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)统的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发、供(gong)、用(yong)(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，有显著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)响。适当(dang)提(ti)高(gao)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)数(shu)，不(bu)但可以(yi)(yi)充分(fen)发挥发、供(gong)、用(yong)(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)产能力(li)(li)(li)，减少线路(lu)损(sun)失，改善(shan)电(dian)(dian)压质量，而且可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)用(yong)(yong)户(hu)设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作效率(lv)(lv)(lv)。同时合理配(pei)制导线截面(mian)、增(zeng)建(jian)线路(lu)回路(lu)、增(zeng)装必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)补偿设(she)备(bei)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)加强管理措施等都可以(yi)(yi)不(bu)同程(cheng)度(du)上降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)线路(lu)损(sun)耗，从而降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)电(dian)(dian)缆在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)阶段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)响。在(zai)这方面(mian)电(dian)(dian)缆明显优于(yu)铝合金(jin)电(dian)(dian)缆。同时，对于(yu)电(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)电(dian)(dian)缆行(xing)业(ye)还存在(zai)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)原材料利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)问题，不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)属(shu)材料替代原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)材料工(gong)艺将(jiang)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)响。

　　电(dian)力电(dian)缆生(sheng)产(chan)企业可以(yi)从导体(ti)本身(shen)和(he)提高生(sheng)产(chan)工艺出(chu)发(fa)，进一步提高金(jin)属纯度(du)和(he)合金(jin)工艺，增加导体(ti)的(de)导电(dian)性能，缩小与发(fa)达国家(jia)的(de)差距(ju)(ju)，减少无功消耗(hao)。同时还可以(yi)从原材料选择、降(jiang)低生(sheng)产(chan)能耗(hao)、减少运输(shu)距(ju)(ju)离(li)和(he)产(chan)品的(de)再生(sheng)利(li)用(yong)等(deng)方面(mian)尽可能降(jiang)低和(he)环境影响。